资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
为什么黄桃会被做成罐头?****** 最近,黄桃罐头可谓是一罐难求。不少网友表示:“小时候每次发烧感冒,妈妈都会给我买黄桃罐头冰镇吃”“东北小孩,哪个童年时代,生病了不得吃一罐罐头?” 那么,你知道好端端的黄桃为什么要被做成罐头?为什么黄桃罐头可以在东北“封神”吗? 黄桃有哪些特点? 黄桃不易保存。黄桃是最易腐烂变质的水果之一,采摘以后,通常只能保存四五天。 黄桃自身特性决定它适合做罐头。黄桃具备三个特点:肉黄、黏核、不溶质,反而都是做罐头的优势。黏核的黄桃靠近果核的果肉不会被染成红色,做成罐头颜色更漂亮;黄桃果肉坚硬,纤维少,经过高温蒸煮后果肉依然紧实不散,汤汁金黄清亮,做出的罐头颜值高、卖相好。 图源:摄图网 黄桃加工成罐头可以有效改良黄桃的口感。黄桃本身偏酸,加上白糖蒸煮过后,酸甜可口,口感更佳,满足大众挑剔的口味。 罐头类的食品防腐剂很多吗? 有些人很喜欢吃水果罐头,却不太敢吃,觉得罐头保质期很长,肯定添加了许多防腐剂,吃了可能会对身体不好。但事实却是,水果罐头一般没有防腐剂,因为不需要。 新鲜水果变坏是因为受到了有害微生物的污染,微生物靠着水果中的营养进一步繁殖,进一步加剧水果的腐烂变质。 而罐头是新鲜水果经过清洗、挑选、去核等工序后进一步加工的,会经过高温杀菌处理。先在85℃条件下,恒温杀菌10分钟,然后再在92℃条件下继续杀菌10~12分钟,最后再把氧气排干净,形成负压,密封保存起来。有的是在121℃条件下直接灭菌20分钟以上。 水果罐头的工艺流程 图源:参考文献 整个流程下来不仅已经不含有致病性微生物,而且也不含有在通常温度下可繁殖的非致病性微生物。外面的也进不去,所以黄桃罐头就不需要防腐剂了。 其他罐头基本也不含防腐剂。目前我国的罐头生产工艺,大多数罐头生产厂家都靠灌装密封和长时间超高温加热来进行灭菌处理,这样处理以后,再顽强的细菌微生物也活不了啦,也不需要防腐剂帮忙!因此,你只要注意查看罐头的配料表就会发现,市面上的罐头基本都不含防腐剂。偷偷说一句,防腐剂也要钱啊! 黄桃罐头营养价值高吗? 有人觉得黄桃罐头没有营养,不如直接吃黄桃。这样的想法可就错了。 罐头里的水果都很新鲜的,很多都是在刚摘下来不久的时候就被做成罐头了。所以,黄桃罐头的桃肉是很新鲜的! 罐头里通常还会额外添加维生素C抗氧化、延长保质期,所以维生素C含量可能比新鲜黄桃更有优势。黄桃最值得一提的营养是类胡萝卜素,无论是鲜果还是罐头,二者含量差异都不大。它可以在体内转化为维生素A,对眼睛的健康有益。 图源:摄图网 虽然罐头一般都经过了高温灭菌处理,一些维生素C这样不耐热的营养素会被破坏,但是还有一些耐热的维生素和营养素都还是被完完整整地保存下来了。所以,只能说有些罐头的营养比新鲜水果蔬菜略微少一些,但绝对不是毫无营养! 不过在出现咳嗽症状时,建议还是要少吃。山西医科大学第二医院呼吸与危重症医学科副主任高晓玲提醒,食用黄桃罐头这样的甜食会加重咳嗽。一方面是因为甜食可直接刺激咽喉部位的神经,反射性地引起咳嗽,使咳嗽加重;另一方面是因为糖会刺激咽喉黏膜,导致咽喉部分泌物增加,加之糖的黏性较大,使分泌物更加黏稠,从而导致痰液不易咳出,并加重咳嗽。还有咳嗽如果是呼吸道感染引起的症状,甜食中的糖分会导致细菌大量滋生繁殖,所以会加重咳嗽。 来源:人民日报健康客户端、中国新闻网、生命时报、科普中国、健康热点科普号、武汉市场监管 参考文献:江舰,尤逢惠,朱莉昵. 黄桃罐头加工工艺技术研究[J]. 农产品加工,2017,(09):32-34. 整理:刘雪洁 蔡琳 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |